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Global & Regional Environmental Issues
International Protocols & Eutrophication
Kyoto, Paris, Basel and Ramsar conventions, plus the nutrient-driven process of eutrophication.
PART 1
Topic Breakdown & Traps
The Engineering Principle
International environmental governance proceeds through conventions and protocols, each targeting a specific issue: Montreal (ozone), Kyoto/Paris (climate), Basel (transboundary hazardous-waste movement), Ramsar (wetlands) and CBD (biodiversity). At the regional scale, eutrophication — nutrient (N, P) enrichment of water bodies — triggers algal blooms whose decay depletes dissolved oxygen.
The Core Formula Matrix
Montreal Protocol → ozone-depleting substances.
Kyoto Protocol (1997) → binding GHG targets for developed (Annex-I) countries.
Paris Agreement (2015) → keep warming well below 2 °C (pursue 1.5 °C).
Basel Convention → control transboundary movement of hazardous wastes.
Eutrophication: nutrient enrichment → algal bloom → decay → DO depletion → fish kills.
Kyoto Protocol (1997) → binding GHG targets for developed (Annex-I) countries.
Paris Agreement (2015) → keep warming well below 2 °C (pursue 1.5 °C).
Basel Convention → control transboundary movement of hazardous wastes.
Eutrophication: nutrient enrichment → algal bloom → decay → DO depletion → fish kills.
The ‘IIT Traps’
- ⚠Kyoto set binding targets for developed countries; Paris is nationally-determined for all.
- ⚠Basel = hazardous-waste movement, not climate or ozone.
- ⚠Phosphorus is usually the limiting nutrient for freshwater eutrophication.
📚 Standard references
- Environmental Studies — Erach Bharucha · International Conventions
PART 2
Progressive 3-Tier Question Suite
Q1BASIC1 Mark · MCQ
The 2015 agreement aiming to hold the global temperature rise well below 2 °C is the:
Q2MEDIUM1 Mark · MCQ
The convention that controls the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes is the:
Q3HARD2 Marks · MCQ
The most immediate water-quality consequence of eutrophication is: